Urinary tract infection: Prevention and treatment of...the scourge of summer

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is defined as the inflammatory response of the urothelium to the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms and is one of the most common infections that a large portion of the female population will experience, particularly among young women (up to age 25) and older women (over 65). The anatomical differences in the female urogenital system, compared to men’s, increase the likelihood of developing a urinary tract infection, as the urothelium— that is, the epithelial tissue of the urinary tract, from the kidneys to the urethra. Intense sexual activity, frequent use of tampons, a new sexual partner, contraceptive medication, menopause, the use of a urinary catheter, and the presence of stones are the most commonly reported factors that increase the likelihood of a urinary tract infection.

Urinary tract infections vary in the severity of their symptoms, depending on the tissue they affect. More specifically:

• Urethritis is the most common urinary tract infection (the most common urinary tract infection), in which pathogenic microorganisms multiply inside urethra. Pain and a burning sensation during urination, combined with a constant urge to urinate, are the most common symptoms of urethritis.
• If pathogenic microorganisms invade and spread to the bladder, this results in cystitis, where, in addition to the aforementioned symptoms, pain may also occur in the lower back or perineum.
• In more severe cases, where the spread of pathogens extends to the kidneys (pyelonephritis), much more severe symptoms may occur, such as chills, high fever, nausea, pain in the kidney area (or lower back), as well as a severe feeling of weakness.

The uropathogens responsible for the majority of urinary tract infections are Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus, which produce fibers that adhere to the surface of the urothelium, allowing them to spread throughout the urinary tract.

How is a urinary tract infection treated?

If you have been infected by one of the aforementioned uropathogens, then you have surely rushed to see your family doctor (and it would be wise to do so), who will provide you with appropriate guidance and prescribe antibiotics, specific to each type of urinary tract infection. The administration of antibiotics, such as trimethoprim and nitrofurantoin, for a few days is an extremely effective treatment for most pathogens, with symptoms beginning to subside within the first 24–48 hours. However, the widespread use of antibiotics, as well as the nature of infections that are prone to frequent relapses, have led to the emergence of pathogens that are resistant to antibiotics.

So, aside from antibiotics, what else can we keep in mind to protect ourselves and help our bodies in the most natural way possible?

What about diet, supplements, and urinary tract infections?

The contribution of micronutrients in our diet plays a key role in protecting urinary tract tissues and preventing the adhesion and growth of pathogenic microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli, the most common urinary tract pathogen. More specifically, vitamin A helps maintain the integrity of mucous membranes, reducing the colonization of pathogens. In addition, vitamin C possesses antiviral and antimicrobial properties, lowering urine pH and inhibiting the growth of pathogenic microorganisms, while also enhancing the effectiveness of antibiotics. Finally, vitamin D—along with vitamin C, which are the “key regulators” of the immune system—helps increase the production of antimicrobial peptides, such as cathelicidins, while vitamin E, with its powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action, protects against further damage that may be caused to the kidneys (see table for more).

• Probiotics. The proliferation of uropathogens can have adverse effects on the colonization of the normal microflora, which protects the urogenital tract. The administration of probiotics, particularly when antibiotics are being administered, is of utmost importance for protecting the microbiome and reducing the likelihood of recurrent urinary tract infections. Specifically, it appears that an adequate presence of lactobacilli contributes to inhibiting the growth of E. coli, due to the acidic environment they maintain. However, the bacterial strains with the greatest vaginal significance in controlling urinary tract infections appear to be L. rhamnosus GR-1, L. reuteri B-54, and RC-14, according to a recent 2021 review by Fazly Bazzaz and colleagues. It is also important to note that the administration of vaginal probiotic suppositories appears to offer greater protection than oral probiotic administration, a finding that warrants further investigation.
• Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon). In a previous article, we discussed at length the numerous properties of cranberries and the important role of proanthocyanidins (PACs), their active compounds. PACs are phenolic compounds that protect the urinary tract mucosa, by preventing the adhesion of pathogens, such as E. coli, and facilitating their elimination through urination. Indeed, in a study conducted in 2023, data from approximately 50 studies, involving over 8,000 participants were analyzed, and it was noted that cranberry supplementation helps reduce the risk of recurrent urinary tract infections in women with recurrent episodes, as well as in children. It is noteworthy that studies have observed a positive effect of cranberry even on antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria.
• D-Mannose. D-mannose belongs to the group of sugars and is another promising tool in the arsenal for treating urinary tract infections. Recent data indicates a positive effect of D-mannose supplementation, taken in powder form, according to a recent review, in 2025. More specifically, there is evidence that D-mannose may have a protective effect against the recurrence of recurrent urinary tract infections, showing comparable compliance with recommended antibiotic therapy and fewer side effects, such as diarrhea. However, data is limited, and studies use different methodologies. Further well-designed research is needed to ensure that conclusions are valid and clear for the general population.

In conclusion

Urinary tract infections are mostly a women’s issue and are one of the most common infections in the general population. They constitute a group of conditions that, due to their nature, can recur, if appropriate measures are not taken and can significantly reduce quality of life. For this reason, it is important to know what we can do, in terms of prevention and treatment, and to discuss with your healthcare provider the possibility of trying natural solutions that can help reduce recurrent urinary tract infections over time. Holland & Barrett offers a wide range of natural options to consider, especially during hot summer months, when urinary tract infections are more common.

Have a great summer with plenty of dips in the water and... appropriate protective measures!

Scientific References

Corrales-Acosta, E., Cuartiella Zaragoza, E., Monzó Pérez, M., Benítez Perdomo, S., Corrales-Riveros, J. G., & Corrales, M. (2025). Prevention of Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection in Women: An Update. Microbiology Research, 16(3), 66.

Fazly Bazzaz, B. S., Darvishi Fork, S., Ahmadi, R., & Khameneh, B. (2021). Deep insights into urinary tract infections and effective natural remedies. African Journal of Urology, 27(1), 6.

Gao, P., Liang, W., Zhao, Q., Li, H., Guan, L., & Li, D. (2023). Effects of vitamins A, C, and D and zinc on urinary tract infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods, 15(3), 88-95.

Genovese, C., Davinelli, S., Mangano, K., Tempera, G., Nicolosi, D., Corsello, S., ... & Di Marco, R. (2018). Effects of a new combination of plant extracts plus d-mannose for the management of uncomplicated recurrent urinary tract infections. Journal of Chemotherapy, 30(2), 107-114.

Wróblewska, J., Złocińska, H., Wróblewski, M., Nuszkiewicz, J., & Woźniak, A. (2025). The role of vitamins in pediatric urinary tract infection: mechanisms and integrative strategies. Biomolecules, 15(4), 566.